I-Abstract: ukulungelelaniswa kwe-insulation ngumba obalulekileyo onxulumene nokhuseleko lweemveliso zezixhobo zombane, kwaye uhlala uhoywa ingqalelo kuzo zonke iinkalo.Ulungelelwaniso lwe-insulation lwaqala ukusetyenziswa kwiimveliso zombane zamandla aphezulu.E-China, ingozi ebangelwa yinkqubo yokugquma ithatha i-50% ukuya kwi-60% yeemveliso zombane e-China.Yiminyaka emibini kuphela ukusukela oko ingqikelelo yonxibelelaniso lwe-insulation icatshulwe ngokusesikweni kwi-low voltage switchgear kunye nezixhobo zokulawula.Ngoko ke, yingxaki ebaluleke ngakumbi ukujongana nokusombulula ingxaki yokulungelelaniswa kwe-insulation kwimveliso ngokuchanekileyo, kwaye ingqalelo eyaneleyo kufuneka ihlawulwe kuyo.
Amagama angundoqo: ukugquma kunye nezixhobo zokugquma ze-switchgear yombane ophantsi
0. Intshayelelo
Isixhobo sokutshintsha amandla ombane asezantsi sinoxanduva lokulawula, ukukhuselwa, umlinganiselo, ukuguqula nokusasazwa kwamandla ombane kwinkqubo yonikezelo lwamandla ombane ophantsi.Njengoko i-low-voltage switchgear ingena nzulu kwindawo yokuvelisa, indawo yoluntu, indawo yokuhlala kunye nezinye iindawo, kunokuthiwa zonke iindawo apho izixhobo zombane zisetyenzisiweyo ziya kuxhotyiswa ngezixhobo zombane ophantsi.Malunga ne-80% yamandla ombane e-China abonelelwa ngesixhobo sokutshintsha i-voltage ephantsi.Uphuhliso lwezixhobo zombane eziphantsi-voltage luvela kushishino lwezinto eziphathekayo, izixhobo zombane ezine-voltage ephantsi, iteknoloji yokulungisa kunye nezixhobo Ulwakhiwo lweziseko zophuhliso kunye nemigangatho yokuphila kwabantu, ngoko ke inqanaba lokutshintsha kwamandla ombane aphantsi libonisa amandla oqoqosho, isayensi kunye nobuchwepheshe kunye nomgangatho wokuphila we ilizwe ukusuka kwelinye icala.
1. Umgaqo osisiseko wokulungelelaniswa kwe-insulation
Ukulungelelaniswa kwe-insulation kuthetha ukuba iimpawu zokugquma umbane zezixhobo zikhethwa ngokwemiqathango yenkonzo kunye nokusingqongileyo kwesixhobo.Kuphela xa uyilo lwezixhobo lusekelwe kumandla omsebenzi othwala kubomi obulindelekileyo, ukulungelelaniswa kwe-insulation kuyenzeka.Ingxaki yokulungelelaniswa kwe-insulation ayiveli kuphela ngaphandle kwesixhobo kodwa nakwisixhobo ngokwaso.Yingxaki ebandakanya zonke iinkalo, ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe ngokubanzi.Amanqaku aphambili ahlulwe abe ngamacandelo amathathu: okokuqala, iimeko zokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo;Okwesibini yindawo yokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, kwaye okwesithathu kukukhethwa kwezinto zokugquma.
1.1 Iimeko zokusetyenziswa kwesixhobo iimeko zokusetyenziswa kwesixhobo zibhekisa ikakhulu kumbane, indawo yombane kunye namaxesha asetyenziswa sisixhobo.
1.1.1 ubudlelwane phakathi kolungelelwaniso lwe-insulation kunye nombane.Xa kuqwalaselwa unxulumano phakathi kolungelelwaniso lwe-insulation kunye ne-voltage, amandla ombane anokuthi enzeke kwisistim, amandla ombane aveliswa sisixhobo, inqanaba lombane oqhubekayo elifunekayo, kunye nobungozi bokhuseleko lomntu kunye nengozi iya kuqwalaselwa.
① Ulwahlulo lwamandla ombane kunye ne-overvoltage, i-waveform.
A. amandla ombane aqhubekayo, ane-R, m, s voltage;
B. overvoltage okwethutyana, amandla frequency overvoltage ixesha elide;
I-C transient overvoltage, over-voltage kwiimilliseconds ezimbalwa okanye ngaphantsi, idla ngokuba yi-high damping oscillation okanye i-non-oscillation.
——I-overvoltage edlulayo, ngokuqhelekileyo indlela enye, ukufikelela kwixabiso eliphezulu le-20 μ sTp5000 μ Phakathi kwe-S, ubude bexesha lomsila we-T2 ≤ 20ms.
——Igagasi elikhawulezayo langaphambi kokugqithiswa kwe-overvoltage: i-overvoltage edlulayo, ngokuqhelekileyo kwicala elinye, ukufikelela kwixabiso eliphezulu le-0.1 μ sT120 μ s.Ubude bomsila wamaza T2 ≤ 300 μ s.
——I-wave ye-Steep overvoltage yangaphambili: i-overvoltage edlulayo, ngokuqhelekileyo kwicala elinye, ukufikelela kwixabiso eliphezulu kwi-TF ≤ 0.1 μ s.Ubude bexesha lilonke yi-3MS, kwaye kukho i-oscillation ephezulu, kwaye ukuphindaphinda kwe-oscillation kuphakathi kwe-30kHz kunye ne-100MHz.
D. kudityaniswe (okwexeshana, ukucotha phambili, ngokukhawuleza, umnqantsa) overvoltage.
Ngokohlobo olungaphezulu lwe-overvoltage, i-voltage waveform eqhelekileyo inokuchazwa.
② Ubudlelwane phakathi kombane wexesha elide we-AC okanye we-DC kunye nolungelelwaniso lokugquma kufuneka luthathelwe ingqalelo umbane olinganisiweyo, umbane olinganisiweyo wombane kunye nombane osebenzayo wokwenene.Kumsebenzi oqhelekileyo kunye nexesha elide lwenkqubo, i-voltage ye-insulation elinganisiweyo kunye ne-voltage yangempela yokusebenza kufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo.Ukongeza kokuhlangabezana neemfuno zomgangatho, kufuneka sinikele ingqalelo kwimeko yokwenyani yegridi yamandla yaseTshayina.Kwimeko yangoku ukuba umgangatho wegridi yamandla awukho phezulu e-China, xa kuyilwa iimveliso, i-voltage yangempela esebenzayo ibaluleke kakhulu ukulungelelanisa ukudibanisa.
③ Ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-overvoltage edlulayo kunye nolungelelwaniso lokugquma lunxulumene nemeko yolawulo lombane ogqithileyo kwisixokelelwano sombane.Kwinkqubo kunye nezixhobo, kukho iindlela ezininzi zokugqithisa.Impembelelo ye-overvoltage kufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo ngokubanzi.Kwinkqubo yamandla ombane aphantsi, umbane ogqithisileyo unokuchatshazelwa zizinto ezahlukeneyo ezahlukeneyo.Ngoko ke, ukugqithiswa kwe-overvoltage kwinkqubo kuhlolwa ngendlela yezibalo, ebonisa ingcamango yokwenzeka kwento eyenzekayo, kwaye inokumiselwa ngendlela yezibalo ezinokwenzeka ukuba ulawulo lokukhusela luyafuneka.
1.1.2 udidi lwesixhobo sombane ogqithileyo luya kwahlulwa lube ludidi lwe-IV ngokuthe ngqo kudidi lombane ogqithileyo lwesixhobo sonikezelo lwamandla ombane wegridi yamandla evoltage ephantsi ngokomgangatho wokusebenza ombane wexesha elide oqhubekayo ofunwa yimeko yokusetyenziswa kwesixhobo.Izixhobo ze-overvoltage isigaba IV sisixhobo esisetyenziswa ekupheleni kokunikezelwa kwamandla kwisixhobo sokuhambisa, njenge-ammeter kunye nezixhobo zokukhusela zangoku zesigaba sangaphambili.Izixhobo ze-overvoltage yeklasi ye-III ngumsebenzi wofakelo kwisixhobo sokusabalalisa, kwaye ukhuseleko kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo kufuneka zihlangabezane neemfuno ezikhethekileyo, ezifana ne-switchgear kwisixhobo sokusabalalisa.Izixhobo zeklasi ye-overvoltage ye-II zixhobo zokusetyenziswa kwamandla ezixhaswe sisixhobo sokusabalalisa, njengomthwalo wokusetyenziswa ekhaya kunye neenjongo ezifanayo.Izixhobo zeklasi ye-overvoltage I iqhagamshelwe kwisixhobo esinciphisa ukugqithisa okwexeshana ukuya kwinqanaba eliphantsi kakhulu, njengesekethe ye-elektroniki kunye nokukhusela umbane ongaphezulu.Kwizixhobo ezingabonelelwanga ngokuthe ngqo yigridi yamandla ombane aphantsi, ubuninzi bombane kunye nokudityaniswa okunzulu kweemeko ezahlukeneyo ezinokubakho kwisixhobo senkqubo kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo.
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Intsimi yombane yahlulwe ibe yintsimi yombane efanayo kunye nentsimi yombane engekho yunifomu.Kwi-switchgear yombane ophantsi, ngokuqhelekileyo ithathwa njengekwimeko yendawo yombane engafaniyo.Ingxaki yefrikhwensi isaqwalaselwa.Ngokubanzi, i-frequency ephantsi inefuthe elincinane kulungelelwaniso lwe-insulation, kodwa i-frequency ephezulu isenempembelelo, ngakumbi kwimathiriyeli yokugquma.
1.2 Imekobume ye-macro yezixhobo ezinxulumene nokulungelelaniswa kwe-insulation kunye neemeko zokusingqongileyo zichaphazela ukulungelelaniswa kwe-insulation.Ukususela kwiimfuno zesicelo esisebenzayo samanje kunye nemigangatho, utshintsho loxinzelelo lomoya luqwalasela kuphela utshintsho loxinzelelo lomoya olubangelwa ukuphakama.Utshintsho lwemihla ngemihla loxinzelelo lomoya alukhange luhoywe, kwaye izinto zobushushu kunye nokufuma nazo azihoywanga.Nangona kunjalo, ukuba kukho iimfuno ezichanekileyo, uxinzelelo lomoya luya kutshintshwa ngokweemfuno zemigangatho, Ezi zinto kufuneka zithathelwe ingqalelo.Ukusuka kwimo engqongileyo encinci, imo engqongileyo enkulu imisela imo engqongileyo encinci, kodwa indawo encinci inokuba ngcono okanye ibe mbi kunezixhobo zokusingqongileyo ezinkulu.Amanqanaba ahlukeneyo okukhusela, ukufudumeza, ukungena komoya kunye nothuli lweqokobhe kunokuchaphazela indawo encinci.Ummandla omncinci unamalungiselelo acacileyo kwimigangatho efanelekileyo, enika isiseko soyilo lweemveliso.
1.3 Iingxaki zolungelelwaniso lokugquma kunye nezixhobo zokugquma zintsonkothile kakhulu.Yahlukile kwirhasi, kwaye sisixhobo sokugquma esingenako ukufunyanwa xa sonakele.Nokuba isiganeko esinengozi esingaphezulu kwe-overvoltage sinokubangela umonakalo osisigxina.Ukusetyenziswa kwexesha elide, izixhobo zokugquma ziya kudibana neemeko ezahlukeneyo, ezinje ngeengozi zokukhupha, Isixhobo sokufakelwa ngokwaso siya kukhawulezisa inkqubo yokuguga ngenxa yezinto ezahlukeneyo eziqokelelwe ixesha elide, njengoxinzelelo lwe-thermal, ubushushu, ifuthe lomatshini kunye nokunye. Uxinzelelo.Kwizinto zokugquma, ngenxa yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo, iimpawu zezixhobo zokugquma azifani, nangona kukho izikhombisi ezininzi.Oku kuzisa ubunzima bokukhethwa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zokukhusela, isizathu sokuba ezinye iimpawu ze-insulation materials, ezifana noxinzelelo lwe-thermal, iimpawu zomatshini, ukukhutshwa kwenxalenye, njl., aziqwalaselwa ngoku.
2. Ukuqinisekiswa kokulungelelaniswa kwe-insulation
Okwangoku, eyona ndlela ifanelekileyo yokuqinisekisa ulungelelwaniso lokugquma kukusebenzisa uvavanyo lwe-impulse dielectric, kwaye amaxabiso ombane ohlukileyo anokunyulelwa izixhobo ezahlukeneyo.
2.1 I-insulation ehambelana ne-voltage ye-impulse elinganisiweyo yesixhobo yi-1.2/50 ngovavanyo olulinganisiweyo lwe-voltage ye-impulse μ S ifom yamaza.
Uthintelo lwemveliso ye-impulse generator ye-impulse test power supply kufuneka ibe ngaphezu kwama-500 ngokubanzi Ω， Ixabiso lamandla ombane we-impulse elilinganisiweyo liya kumiselwa ngokwemeko yokusetyenziswa, udidi lombane ogqithisileyo kunye nosetyenziso lwexesha elide lombane lwesixhobo, kwaye luya kulungiswa ngokungqinelana nemeko yokusetyenziswa. ukuya kumphakamo ohambelana nawo.Okwangoku, ezinye iimeko zovavanyo zisetyenziswa kwi-switchgear yombane ophantsi.Ukuba akukho nkcazo ecacileyo malunga nokufuma kunye nobushushu, kufuneka kwakhona ibe ngaphakathi kwendawo yokusetyenziswa komgangatho wokutshintsha okupheleleyo.Ukuba indawo yokusetyenziswa kwesixhobo ingaphaya kwemida esebenzayo yesethi yesixhobo sokutshintsha, kufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo ukuba ilungisiwe.Ubudlelwane bolungiso phakathi koxinzelelo lomoya kunye nobushushu buhamba ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
K=P/101.3 × 293( Δ T+293)
K - ukulungiswa kweeparamitha zoxinzelelo lomoya kunye nobushushu
Δ T – umahluko weqondo lobushushu K phakathi kobushushu bokwenyani (kwiLabhoratri) kunye ne-T = 20 ℃
P – uxinzelelo lokwenene kPa
2.2 kwisixhobo sokutshintsha amandla ombane asezantsi, uvavanyo lwe-AC okanye lwe-DC lunokusetyenziselwa ukubuyisela uvavanyo lwe-impulse voltage kuvavanyo lwe-dielectric yenye i-voltage ye-impulse, kodwa olu hlobo lwendlela yokuvavanya luqatha kunovavanyo lombane we-impulse, kwaye kufuneka kuvunyelwane ngalo ngumenzi.
Ubude bexesha lovavanyo yimijikelo emi-3 kwimeko yonxibelelwano.
Uvavanyo lwe-DC, isigaba ngasinye (esilungileyo nesibi) ngokulandelelanayo sisebenzise amandla ombane kathathu, ixesha ngalinye li-10ms.
Kwimeko yangoku yase-China, kwiimveliso zombane eziphezulu kunye neziphantsi, ukulungelelaniswa kwe-insulation yezixhobo kuseyingxaki enkulu.Ngenxa yokwaziswa okusesikweni kolungelelwaniso lwe-insulation kwi-switchgear ephantsi yombane kunye nesixhobo solawulo, ngumcimbi ophantse ube yiminyaka emibini.Ngoko ke, yingxaki ebaluleke ngakumbi ukujongana nokusombulula ingxaki yokulungelelaniswa kwe-insulation kwimveliso.
Isalathiso:
[1] I-Iec439-1 i-voltage ephantsi yokutshintsha izixhobo kunye nezixhobo zokulawula - Icandelo I: uhlobo lovavanyo kunye nohlobo lovavanyo olupheleleyo lwezixhobo [s].
I-Iec890 jonga ukunyuka kobushushu besixhobo sokutshintsha amandla ombane asezantsi kunye nezixhobo zokulawula ngolunye uhlobo lweeseti zovavanyo ngendlela yokongeza.
Ixesha lokuposa: Feb-20-2023